The Indus Water Treaty governs the distribution of the Indus River system between India and Pakistan. Signed in 1960, the treaty has played a crucial role in maintaining water cooperation despite geopolitical tensions. However, recent developments have put it under strain, raising questions about its future.
This article explores the river system, treaty conditions, ongoing projects, recent actions, international perspectives, and expert opinions on its future.
The Indus River System and Its Tributaries
The Indus River originates from the Seng Khabab glacier near Mansarovar Lake in Tibet and flows through India and Pakistan before emptying into the Arabian Sea.
Major Tributaries and Flow Directions
The river system consists of six major rivers, categorized into Eastern Rivers (allocated to India) and Western Rivers (allocated to Pakistan):
| River | Origin | Flow Direction | Allocation Under IWT |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indus | Tibet | Flows through Ladakh, Pakistan | Pakistan |
| Jhelum | Verinag, Jammu & Kashmir | Flows into Pakistan | Pakistan |
| Chenab | Himachal Pradesh | Flows into Pakistan | Pakistan |
| Ravi | Himachal Pradesh | Flows into Pakistan | India |
| Beas | Himachal Pradesh | Flows into Pakistan | India |
| Sutlej | Tibet | Flows into Pakistan | India |
Under the treaty, India controls the Eastern Rivers, while Pakistan has rights over the Western Rivers.
Indus Water Treaty: History and Conditions
Signing and Key Provisions
The treaty was signed on September 19, 1960, in Karachi, with India’s Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistan’s Ayub Khan as signatories, under the World Bank’s mediation.
Conditions and Restrictions
India cannot store or divert water from the Western Rivers beyond specified limits. While Pakistan has exclusive rights over these rivers, India can use them for hydropower generation.
A dispute resolution mechanism includes the Permanent Indus Commission, Neutral Expert, and Court of Arbitration.
Ongoing Projects on the Indus River in India
India has initiated several hydropower and irrigation projects to maximize water usage within treaty limits.
Key Projects
- Bursar Hydroelectric Project on Chenab
- Ratle Hydroelectric Project on Chenab
- Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project on Jhelum
- Pakal Dul Dam on Chenab
- Ujh Multipurpose Project on Ravi
Impact on Agriculture
These projects improve irrigation in Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh, enhance water storage, and boost hydropower generation.
Recent Actions and Their Implications
India’s Suspension of the Treaty
India halted water-sharing data and restricted river flows after a recent attack in Pahalgam, affecting Pakistan’s agriculture and hydropower.
Pakistan’s Response
Pakistan called India’s move an “act of war” and sought international intervention, while China accelerated dam projects in Pakistan to counter water shortages.
Global Reactions
- United Nations raised concerns over water security.
- World Bank urged dialogue between India and Pakistan.
- China expedited Pakistan’s dam projects.
Water Flow Data and Its Role in Pakistan’s Development
Water Distribution Under IWT
- India receives 30% of the Indus River system’s water.
- Pakistan receives 70%, supporting 80% of its agriculture.
Pakistan’s Dependence on Indus Water
- 93% of Pakistan’s water is used for agriculture.
- Major cities like Karachi and Lahore rely on Indus water.
- Hydropower generation depends on Indus River dams.
Conclusion: The Future of the Indus Water Treaty
The treaty has been essential for India-Pakistan relations, but recent tensions question its sustainability. Experts suggest renegotiation, increased water storage, and international mediation.
The coming months will determine whether both nations resolve their differences or face new geopolitical challenges over water rights.
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Gyaanology Team
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